Pengetahuan: Maret 2016

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE, PRESENT CONTINOUS, SIMPLE PAST, PAST CONTINOUS

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

A. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IS USED:

 To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes :
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)

 To give instructions or directions :
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.

 To express fixed arrangements, present or future :
Your exam starts at 09.00

 To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until :
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

B. FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Simple present tense dibentuk dari verb-1 (present tense) atau linking verb “be” (is, am, are). Apa itu verb-1? Verb-1 merupakan bare infinitive dengan tambahan -s atau -es (contoh verb-1: does, goes, wants) khusus untuk subject berupa singular noun (kata benda tunggal: Tita, book, car) atau third person singular pronoun (kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal: she, he, it); atau tanpa tambahan apapun (contoh verb-1: do, go, want) untuksubject berupa plural noun (boys, men, books) atau plural pronoun (we, they), pronounI/you, atau compound subject (you and me, Tina and Ratih).

Dengan demikian rumus simple present tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif sebagai berikut.

Bentuk	Rumus Simple Present Tense	Contoh Kalimat
Statement (+)	S + V-1 S +/- auxiliary (do/does) + bare infinitive	She likes eating out
Statement (+)	S + be (am/is/are)	The children are naughty.
negative (-)	S + auxiliary (do/does) + not + bare infinitive	She doesn’t like eating out
negative (-)	S + be(am/is/are) + not	The children aren’t naughty
question (?)	Do/Does + S + bare infinitive ?	Does she like eating out ?
question (?)	Be(am/is/are) + S ?	Are the children naughty ?

Catatan:

Pada kalimat positif, normalnya auxiliary verb (do/does) tidak digunakan, melainkan hanya digunakan jika perlu untuk memberi penekanan pada keharusan melakukan aksi.

C. NOTES ON THE SIMPLE PRESENT, THIRD PERSON SINGULAR

 In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.

Negative and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') + the infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.

 Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays

 Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

D. EXAMPLE OF EACH TENSE

1. Working whole day makes my body so tired, I need to take a rest

2. She goes to campus every morning

3. Regina takes a shower every day

4. I usually eat lunch at the cafetaria

5. The earth revolves around the sun

2. SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

A. FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

As with all tenses in English, the speaker's attitude is as important as the time of the action or event. When someone uses the present continuous, they are thinking about something that is unfinished or incomplete

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS IS USED:

 To describe an action that is going on at this moment: You are using the Internet. You are studying English grammar.

 To describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend: Are you still working for the same company? More and more peopleare becoming vegetarian.

 To describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared: We're going on holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight. Are they visiting you next winter?

 To describe a temporary event or situation: He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, butit's raining at the moment.

 With "always, forever, constantly", to describe and emphasise a continuing series of repeated actions: Harry and Sally are always arguing!You're constantly complaining about your mother-in-law!

BE CAREFUL! Some verbs are not usually used in the continuous form

B. FORMING THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.

(The form of the present participle is: base+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling)

Affirmative
Subject	+ to be	+ base + ing
She	is	talking.
Negative
Subject	+ to be + not	+ base + ing
She	is not (isn't)	talking
Interrogative
to be	+ subject	+ base + ing
Is	she	talking?

C. VERBS THAT ARE NOT USUALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS FORM

The verbs in the list below are normally used in the simple form because they refer to states, rather than actions or processes.

SENSES / PERCEPTION

to feel*
to hear
to see*
to smell
to taste

OPINION

to assume
to believe
to consider
to doubt
to feel (= to think)
to find (= to consider)
to suppose
to think*

MENTAL STATES

to forget
to imagine
to know
to mean
to notice
to recognise
to remember
to understand

EMOTIONS / DESIRES

to envy
to fear
to dislike
to hate
to hope
to like
to love
to mind
to prefer
to regret
to want
to wish

MEASUREMENT

to contain
to cost
to hold
to measure
to weigh

OTHERS

to look (=resemble)
to seem
to be (in most cases)
to have(when it means "to possess")*

EXCEPTIONS

Perception verbs (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) are often used with can: : I can see... These verbs may be used in the continuous form but with a different meaning

 This coat feels nice and warm. (your perception of the coat's qualities)

 John's feeling much better now (his health is improving)

 She has three dogs and a cat. (possession)

 She's having supper. (She's eating)

 I can see Anthony in the garden (perception)

 I'm seeing Anthony later (We are planning to meet)

D. EXAMPLES OF EACH TENSE

1. I'm meeting my mother at the airport tomorrow.

2. Our grandmother is visiting us at Christmas.

3. Sorry, I can't stay after school today; I'm playing tennis with Jun-Sik.

4. My mother's going to the dentist tomorrow.

5. I'm not going home at Christmas, so I can come to your party after all!

3. SIMPLE PAST

A. FUNCTIONS OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.

EXAMPLES

 John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.

 My father died last year.

 He lived in Fiji in 1976.

 We crossed the Channel yesterday.

You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions



frequency: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.

 a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night

 an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago People lived in caves a long time ago.

 She played the piano when she was a child.

Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.

Be Careful: The simple past in English may look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.

B. FORMING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

PATTERNS OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE FOR REGULAR VERBS

Affirmative
Subject	+ verb + ed
I	skipped.
Negative
Subject	+ did not	+ infinitive without to
They	didn't	go.
Interrogative
Did	+ subject	+ infinitive without to
Did	She	arrive?
Interrogative negative
Did not	+ subject	+ infinitive without to
Didn't	You	play?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO

Subject	Verb
	Be	Have	Do
I	Was	had	did
You	Were	had	did
He/She/It	Was	had	did
We	Were	had	did
You	Were	had	did
They	Were	had	did

NOTES ON AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, & INTERROGATIVE FORMS

AFFIRMATIVE

The affirmative of the simple past tense is simple.

I was in Japan last year

She had a headache yesterday.

We did our homework last night.

NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "do" as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night.

The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "do", but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".

The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "do".

C. EXAMPLES OF EACH TENSE

1. Thomas Edison invented the telephone.

2. Rocks float.

3. You took a taxi to school today.

4. You’re sitting on a soft, comfortable sofa.

5. You stayed home all day yesterday.

4. SIMPLE PAST CONTINOUS

A. FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.

It is used:

 Often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."

 to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, e.g. "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."

 to express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to get my homework done instead."

 with 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."

Note: with verbs not normally used in the continuous form, the simple past is used.

B. FORMING THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb "to be" (was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing.

Subject	was/were	base + ing
They	were	watching
Affirmative
She	was	reading
Negative
She	wasn't	reading
Interrogative
Was	she	reading?
Interrogative negative
Wasn't	she	reading?

C. EXAMPLES OF EACH TENSE

1. They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.

2. Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.

3. When we arrived he was having a bath.

4. When the fire started I was watching television.

5. I was playing footbal .

2. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Subject-Verb Agreement is a rapprochement between the verb (a verb) with the subject line in terms of number, namely: singular or plural. Subjects can be either a noun, pronoun, or other construction acting as a noun, like gerund and infinitive. Basically, the singular subject use the singular verb, while plural subject using a plural verb.

Generally in the present tense, singular verb basic form of the verb with the added ending (suffix) -s. As for the plural verb with no added ending -s (otherwise, subject plural ending -s added). These rules also apply verb on the subject in the form of a third person (for example: Ricky, Anna) and all personal pronouns (they, we = plural; he, she, it = single), except I and you. Although the form of a single subject, I and you are paired with plural verbs (not including the verb "be" (was, am) on "I").

Example Sentences Subject Verb Agreement [subject= bold; verb= italic]

No	Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement
1	The sun rises. (Matahari terbit.)
2	The stars shine. (Bintang bersinar.)
3	Leo rarely eats white bread. (Leo jarang makan roti putih.)
4	You go straight ahead then turn left. (Kamu jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.)

But if there is a helping verb, then the helping verb his turn while the main verb in the base form (base form verb). Picks helping verb in the singular-plural-it is is-acre, does-do, and has-haves. Especially for has-haves, the agreement does not apply if the word is a second helping verb or helping verb is used behind the other.

Example Sentences Subject Verb Agreement [subject= bold; verb= italic; helping verb= underline]

No	Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement
1	My boss always comes on time. (Bos saya selalu datang tepat waktu.)
2	They like eating out. (Mereka suka makan diluar.)
3	He is working. (Dia sedang bekerja.)
4	I do submit the task. (Saya harus mengirimkan tugas tersebut.)
5	The manager has checked the documents. (Manager telah mengecek dokumen-dokumen tersebut.)
6	I will have been sleeping for an hour when you arrive. (Saya akan sudah tidur selama satu jam ketika kamu tiba.) has-have TIDAK BERLAKU

While in the past tense, there is no difference in the form of the verb in number (singular or plural) if there is no helping verb, namely: was-were.

Example Sentences Subject Verb Agreement [subject= bold; verb= italic; helping verb= underline]

No	Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement
1	The cat was sleeping. (Kucing itu sedang tidur.)
2	We were roasting corn. (Kita sedang membakar jagung.)

As if the verb is used in the form of linking verb, then it is, am (especially I), was (past tense) used by the singular subject, whereas acre and were (past tense) by plural subject.

Example Sentences Subject Verb Agreement [subject= bold; verb= italic; linking verb= underline]

No	Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement
1	Ricky is smart. (Ricky pintar.)
2	The children are naughty. (Anak-anak itu nakal.)
3	I was a stamp collector. (Saya dulu pengoleksi prangko.)
4	My books were borrowed by him. (Buku-buku saya dipinjam dia.)

3. PRONOUN

Pronoun is a word used to replace the noun (noun), which can be a person, object, animal, place, or an abstract concept. Pronouns is one of the eight parts of speech.

The types and example sentences pronoun

Penjelasan	Contoh Kalimat Pronoun
Personal Pronoun (I, you, they, we, she, he, it, us, her, his, them, mine, yours, its)
Kata ganti untuk orang, hewan, benda, atau hal secara spesifik. Bentuk kata ganti ini tergantung pada peran (subject, object, possessive), jumlah, orang ke-, dan gender dari noun yang digantikan.	She prefers to brisk walk to jog. (Dia lebih memilih jalan cepat daripada joging.)
	Yours is on the table. (Punyamu di atas meja.)
Demonstrative Pronoun (this, that, these, those)
Kata ganti yang menggunakan parameter number (jumlah) dan distance (jarak).	This is the most interesting book I have ever read. (Ini buku paling menarik yang saya pernah baca.)
Interrogative Pronoun (who, what, which, whose, whom, etc)
Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan.	Who is that man? (Siapa lelaki itu?)
Relative Pronoun (who, whose, which, whom, that, etc)
Kata ganti yang biasanya mengawali relative clause.	The packet, which was sent a week ago, has received. (Paket tersebut, yang dikirim seminggu lalu, telah diterima.)
Indefinite Pronoun (anything, everything, none, someone, something, etc)
Kata ganti untuk orang, benda, atau hal secara umum atau tidak spesifik.	You did everything right. (Kamu melakukan semuanya dengan benar.)
Reflexive Pronoun (myself, yourself, itself, youselves, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves )
Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa subjek menerima aksi dari verb (reciprocal action) pada suatu clause atau kalimat.	I‘m going to buy myself new jeans. (Saya akan membeli celana jins.)
Intensive Pronoun (bentuknya sama dengan reflexive pronoun)
Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk memberikan penekanan pada noun yang mendahuluinya.	I myself promise not to corrupt the project. (Saya berjanji tidak akan mengorupsi proyek tersebut.)
Reciprocal Pronoun (each other, one another)
Kata ganti yang digunakan pada kondisi ketika dua atau lebih subjek melakukan aksi yang sama satu sama lain.	They love each other. (Mereka salingmencintai.)