SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE, PRESENT CONTINOUS, SIMPLE PAST, PAST CONTINOUS
1.
SIMPLE PRESENT
TENSE
A. THE SIMPLE PRESENT
TENSE IS USED:
To express habits,
general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes
:
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)
To give
instructions or directions :
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
To express fixed
arrangements, present or future :
Your exam starts at 09.00
Your exam starts at 09.00
To express future
time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until :
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
B. FORMS OF THE
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Simple present
tense dibentuk dari verb-1 (present tense) atau linking
verb “be” (is, am, are). Apa itu verb-1? Verb-1
merupakan bare
infinitive dengan tambahan -s atau -es (contoh verb-1: does,
goes, wants) khusus untuk subject berupa singular
noun (kata benda tunggal: Tita, book, car) atau third person singular
pronoun (kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal: she, he, it); atau tanpa
tambahan apapun (contoh verb-1: do, go, want)
untuksubject berupa plural noun (boys, men, books)
atau plural pronoun (we, they), pronounI/you, atau compound
subject (you and me, Tina and Ratih).
Dengan
demikian rumus simple present tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif,
dan interogatif sebagai berikut.
Bentuk
|
Rumus Simple Present Tense
|
Contoh Kalimat
|
Statement
(+) |
S + V-1
S +/- auxiliary (do/does) + bare infinitive |
She likes eating out
|
The children are naughty.
|
||
negative
(-) |
S + auxiliary (do/does) + not + bare infinitive
|
She doesn’t like eating out
|
S + be(am/is/are) + not
|
The children aren’t naughty
|
|
question
(?) |
Do/Does + S + bare infinitive ?
|
Does she like eating out ?
|
Be(am/is/are) + S ?
|
Are the children naughty ?
|
Catatan:
Pada
kalimat positif, normalnya auxiliary
verb (do/does) tidak digunakan, melainkan hanya
digunakan jika perlu untuk memberi penekanan pada keharusan melakukan aksi.
Negative and
question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') + the
infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
Verbs ending
in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
Add -es to
verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
D. EXAMPLE OF EACH
TENSE
1.
Working
whole day makes my body so tired, I need to take
a rest
2.
She
goes to campus every morning
3.
Regina
takes a shower every day
4.
I
usually eat lunch at the cafetaria
5.
The
earth revolves around the sun
2.
SIMPLE PRESENT
CONTINOUS TENSE
A. FUNCTIONS OF THE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
As
with all tenses in English, the speaker's attitude is as important as
the time of the action or event. When someone uses the present continuous, they
are thinking about something that is unfinished or incomplete
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS IS USED:
To describe an
action that is going on at this moment: You are using the
Internet. You are studying English grammar.
To describe an
action that is going on during this period of time or a trend: Are you
still working for the same company? More and more peopleare
becoming vegetarian.
To describe an
action or event in the future, which has already been planned or
prepared: We're going on holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my
boyfriend tonight. Are they visiting you next winter?
To describe a
temporary event or situation: He usually plays the drums, but he's
playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, butit's
raining at the moment.
With "always,
forever, constantly", to describe and emphasise a continuing series of
repeated actions: Harry and Sally are always arguing!You're
constantly complaining about your mother-in-law!
BE CAREFUL! Some verbs are not usually used in the
continuous form
B. FORMING THE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The
present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present
tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.
(The
form of the present participle is: base+ing, e.g. talking, playing,
moving, smiling)
Affirmative
|
||
Subject
|
+ to be
|
+ base + ing
|
She
|
is
|
talking.
|
Negative
|
||
Subject
|
+ to be + not
|
+ base + ing
|
She
|
is not (isn't)
|
talking
|
Interrogative
|
||
to be
|
+ subject
|
+ base + ing
|
Is
|
she
|
talking?
|
C. VERBS THAT ARE NOT
USUALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS FORM
The
verbs in the list below are normally used in the simple form because they refer
to states, rather than actions or processes.
SENSES / PERCEPTION
- to feel*
- to hear
- to see*
- to smell
- to taste
OPINION
- to assume
- to believe
- to consider
- to doubt
- to feel (= to think)
- to find (= to consider)
- to suppose
- to think*
MENTAL STATES
- to forget
- to imagine
- to know
- to mean
- to notice
- to recognise
- to remember
- to understand
EMOTIONS / DESIRES
- to envy
- to fear
- to dislike
- to hate
- to hope
- to like
- to love
- to mind
- to prefer
- to regret
- to want
- to wish
MEASUREMENT
- to contain
- to cost
- to hold
- to measure
- to weigh
OTHERS
- to look (=resemble)
- to seem
- to be (in most cases)
- to have(when it means "to possess")*
EXCEPTIONS
Perception
verbs (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) are often used
with can: : I can see... These verbs may be used in the
continuous form but with a different meaning
This
coat feels nice and warm. (your perception of the coat's
qualities)
John's
feeling much better now (his health is improving)
She has three
dogs and a cat. (possession)
She's
having supper. (She's eating)
I
can see Anthony in the garden (perception)
I'm
seeing Anthony later (We are planning to meet)
D. EXAMPLES OF EACH
TENSE
1.
I'm
meeting my mother at the airport tomorrow.
2.
Our
grandmother is visiting us at Christmas.
3.
Sorry, I can't
stay after school today; I'm playing tennis with Jun-Sik.
4.
My mother's
going to the dentist tomorrow.
5.
I'm not
going home at Christmas, so I can come to your party after all!
3.
SIMPLE PAST
A. FUNCTIONS OF THE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
The
simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a
time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be
in the recent past or the distant past.
EXAMPLES
John
Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
My
father died last year.
He lived in
Fiji in 1976.
We crossed the
Channel yesterday.
You
always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so
it is associated with certain past time expressions
frequency: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
a definite point
in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
an indefinite
point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time
ago People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the
piano when she was a child.
Note: the word ago is a useful way of
expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period
of time: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
Be Careful: The simple past in English may look like a
tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.
B. FORMING THE SIMPLE
PAST TENSE
PATTERNS
OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE FOR REGULAR VERBS
Affirmative
|
||
Subject
|
+ verb + ed
|
|
I
|
skipped.
|
|
Negative
|
||
Subject
|
+ did not
|
+ infinitive without to
|
They
|
didn't
|
go.
|
Interrogative
|
||
Did
|
+ subject
|
+ infinitive without to
|
Did
|
She
|
arrive?
|
Interrogative negative
|
||
Did not
|
+ subject
|
+ infinitive without to
|
Didn't
|
You
|
play?
|
SIMPLE
PAST TENSE OF TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO
Subject
|
Verb
|
||
Be
|
Have
|
Do
|
|
I
|
Was
|
had
|
did
|
You
|
Were
|
had
|
did
|
He/She/It
|
Was
|
had
|
did
|
We
|
Were
|
had
|
did
|
You
|
Were
|
had
|
did
|
They
|
Were
|
had
|
did
|
NOTES ON AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, & INTERROGATIVE FORMS
AFFIRMATIVE
The
affirmative of the simple past tense is simple.
I was in
Japan last year
She had a
headache yesterday.
We did our
homework last night.
NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE
For the negative and interrogative simple
past form of "do" as an ordinary verb, use the
auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework
last night.
The negative
of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the
auxiliary "do", but sometimes by simply adding not or
the contraction "n't".
The
interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally
uses the auxiliary "do".
C. EXAMPLES OF EACH
TENSE
1.
Thomas Edison
invented the telephone.
2.
Rocks float.
3.
You took a taxi to
school today.
4.
You’re sitting on
a soft, comfortable sofa.
5.
You stayed home
all day yesterday.
4.
SIMPLE PAST
CONTINOUS
A. FUNCTIONS OF THE
PAST CONTINUOUS
The
past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which
began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In
other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the
past.
It
is used:
Often, to describe
the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The
sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant
came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade
of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was
looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was
watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was
running towards the river..."
to describe an
unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, e.g.
"I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."
to express a
change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach
but I've decided to get my homework done instead."
with 'wonder',
to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you
could baby-sit for me tonight."
Note: with verbs not normally used in the continuous
form, the simple past is used.
B. FORMING THE PAST
CONTINUOUS
The
past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the
verb "to be" (was/were), and the base of the main
verb +ing.
Subject
|
was/were
|
base + ing
|
They
|
were
|
watching
|
Affirmative
|
||
She
|
was
|
reading
|
Negative
|
||
She
|
wasn't
|
reading
|
Interrogative
|
||
Was
|
she
|
reading?
|
Interrogative negative
|
||
Wasn't
|
she
|
reading?
|
C. EXAMPLES OF EACH
TENSE
1.
They were waiting
for the bus when the accident happened.
2.
Caroline was
skiing when she broke her leg.
3.
When we arrived he
was having a bath.
4.
When the fire
started I was watching television.
5.
I was playing
footbal .
2. SUBJECT-VERB
AGREEMENT
Subject-Verb Agreement is a
rapprochement between the verb
(a verb) with the subject line in terms of number,
namely: singular or
plural. Subjects can
be either a noun, pronoun,
or other construction acting as a noun,
like gerund and
infinitive. Basically, the singular subject use the singular verb, while
plural subject using
a plural verb.
Generally in
the present tense, singular verb basic form of the verb
with the added ending (suffix) -s. As for the plural
verb with no added
ending -s (otherwise,
subject plural ending
-s added). These
rules also apply verb
on the subject in the form of a third person (for example: Ricky, Anna) and
all personal pronouns (they, we = plural; he, she, it =
single), except I
and you. Although the form of a single subject, I and you are paired
with plural verbs
(not including the verb "be" (was, am)
on "I").
Example Sentences Subject Verb Agreement [subject= bold;
verb= italic]
No
|
Contoh Kalimat
Subject-Verb Agreement
|
1
|
The sun rises. (Matahari terbit.)
|
2
|
The stars shine. (Bintang bersinar.)
|
3
|
Leo rarely eats white bread. (Leo jarang makan
roti putih.)
|
4
|
You go straight ahead then turn left.
(Kamu jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.) |
But if
there is a helping verb, then the
helping verb his turn
while the main verb
in the base form (base form verb). Picks
helping verb in the singular-plural-it is is-acre, does-do, and
has-haves. Especially for has-haves, the agreement does not apply if the word is a second helping verb or helping verb is used
behind the other.
Example Sentences Subject Verb Agreement [subject= bold;
verb= italic; helping verb= underline]
No
|
Contoh Kalimat
Subject-Verb Agreement
|
1
|
My boss always comes on time.
(Bos saya selalu datang tepat waktu.) |
2
|
They like eating out. (Mereka suka makan diluar.)
|
3
|
He is working. (Dia sedang bekerja.)
|
4
|
I do submit the task. (Saya harus mengirimkan tugas
tersebut.)
|
5
|
The manager has checked the documents.
(Manager telah mengecek dokumen-dokumen tersebut.) |
6
|
I will have been sleeping for an
hour when you arrive.
(Saya akan sudah tidur selama satu jam ketika kamu tiba.) has-have TIDAK BERLAKU |
While in the past
tense, there is no difference in
the form of the verb in number (singular
or plural) if
there is no helping verb, namely:
was-were.
Example Sentences Subject Verb Agreement [subject= bold;
verb= italic; helping verb= underline]
No
|
Contoh Kalimat
Subject-Verb Agreement
|
1
|
The cat was sleeping. (Kucing itu sedang tidur.)
|
2
|
We were roasting corn. (Kita sedang membakar jagung.)
|
As if the
verb is used in
the form of linking verb, then it is, am (especially
I), was (past
tense) used by the singular subject, whereas acre
and were (past tense) by plural subject.
Example Sentences Subject Verb Agreement [subject= bold; verb= italic; linking verb= underline]
No
|
Contoh Kalimat
Subject-Verb Agreement
|
1
|
Ricky is smart. (Ricky pintar.)
|
2
|
The children are naughty. (Anak-anak itu
nakal.)
|
3
|
I was a stamp collector. (Saya dulu pengoleksi prangko.)
|
4
|
My books were borrowed by him. (Buku-buku saya
dipinjam dia.)
|
3. PRONOUN
Pronoun is a
word used to replace the noun
(noun), which can be a person, object, animal, place,
or an abstract concept. Pronouns is one of the
eight parts of speech.
The types and example
sentences pronoun
Penjelasan
|
Contoh Kalimat
Pronoun
|
Personal Pronoun (I,
you, they, we, she, he, it, us, her, his, them, mine, yours, its)
|
|
Kata ganti untuk orang, hewan, benda, atau hal secara spesifik.
Bentuk kata ganti ini tergantung pada peran (subject, object,
possessive), jumlah, orang ke-, dan gender dari noun yang
digantikan.
|
She prefers to brisk walk to jog.
(Dia lebih memilih jalan cepat daripada joging.) |
Yours is on the table.
(Punyamu di atas meja.) |
|
Demonstrative Pronoun (this,
that, these, those)
|
|
Kata ganti yang menggunakan parameter number (jumlah) dan distance
(jarak).
|
This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
(Ini buku paling menarik yang saya pernah baca.) |
Interrogative Pronoun (who,
what, which, whose, whom, etc)
|
|
Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan.
|
Who is that man?
(Siapa lelaki itu?) |
Relative Pronoun (who,
whose, which, whom, that, etc)
|
|
Kata ganti yang biasanya mengawali relative clause.
|
The packet, which was sent a week ago, has received.
(Paket tersebut, yang dikirim seminggu lalu, telah diterima.) |
Indefinite Pronoun (anything,
everything, none, someone, something, etc)
|
|
Kata ganti untuk orang, benda, atau hal secara umum atau tidak
spesifik.
|
You did everything right.
(Kamu melakukan semuanya dengan benar.) |
Reflexive Pronoun (myself,
yourself, itself, youselves, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves )
|
|
Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa subjek menerima
aksi dari verb (reciprocal action) pada suatu clause
atau kalimat.
|
I‘m going to buy myself new jeans.
(Saya akan membeli celana jins.) |
Intensive Pronoun (bentuknya
sama dengan reflexive pronoun)
|
|
Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk memberikan penekanan pada noun
yang mendahuluinya.
|
I myself promise not to corrupt the project.
(Saya berjanji tidak akan mengorupsi proyek tersebut.) |
Reciprocal Pronoun (each
other, one another)
|
|
Kata ganti yang digunakan pada kondisi ketika dua atau lebih subjek
melakukan aksi yang sama satu sama lain.
|
They love each other.
(Mereka salingmencintai.) |
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
